Though Machu Picchu is considered to be a "royal" estate, surprisingly, it would not have been passed down in the line of succession. At the top of the mountain, they came across a small hut occupied by a couple of Quechua, Richard and Alvarez, who were farming some of the original Machu Picchu agricultural terraces that they had cleared four years earlier. The stonework is of ashlar quality. Excavation and soil analyses done by Kenneth Wright [27][28][29] in the 1990s showed that the terraces were built in layers, with a bottom layer of larger stones covered by loose gravel. The people of Machu Picchu were connected to long-distance trade, as shown by non-local artifacts found at the site. Safin bestreitet jedoch vehement, eine gewisse Eva Jakubovskaja gezeugt zu haben. Am besten kannst du den Geheimnissen von Machu Picchu auf einer eigenen Reise dorthin auf die Schliche kommen. Daher hätten die spanischen Eroberer sogar unter ihr hindurchgehen können, ohne sie zu finden. [41] Landowners began to demand rent from the excavators. Die Inka-Stadt Machu Picchu wurde von etwa 1450 bis 1460 auf einem Bergrücken in den Anden erbaut. These stones are arranged to point directly at the sun during the winter solstice. Jedes Jahr pilgern Millionen von Menschen zu dieser Kultstätte, um sich ein eigenes Bild, dieses mystischen Ortes zu machen. Alter und Junger Gipfel) und knapp 80 km von Cusco entfernt liegt die terrassenförmige Ruinenstadt. [47] Two high-altitude routes from Machu Picchu cross the mountains back to Cusco, one through the Sun Gate, and the other across the Inca bridge. Die gut erhaltene Ruinenstadt in den Anden wurde im 15. It's no wonder Machu Picchu is Peru's most-visited site. Its three primary structures are the Intihuatana, the Temple of the Sun, and the Room of the Three Windows. Machu Picchu, also spelled Machupijchu, site of ancient Inca ruins located about 50 miles (80 km) northwest of Cuzco, Peru, in the Cordillera de Vilcabamba of the Andes Mountains. "Peru to Tourists: 'Stop getting naked at Machu Picchu! The hillsides leading to it were terraced, to provide more farmland to grow crops and to steepen the slopes that invaders would have to ascend. Jahrhundert von den Inka auf 2340 m Höhe zwischen den Gipfeln Huayna Picchu und Machu Picchu Montaña erbaut. [22] Most skeletal remains found at the site had lower levels of arthritis and bone fractures than those found in most sites of the Inca Empire. Eliane Karp, an anthropologist and wife of former Peruvian President Alejandro Toledo, accused Yale of profiting from Peru's cultural heritage. The Inca believed the stone held the sun in its place along its annual path in the sky. [39][40], Although local institutions initially welcomed the exploration, they soon accused Bingham of legal and cultural malpractice. Machu Picchu ist eine Inkastadt, die von Tempeln, Plattformen und Wasserkanälen umgeben ist und auf einem Berg erbaut wurde. [12], Machu Picchu was declared a Peruvian Historic Sanctuary in 1981 and a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1983. [43]:107, 119 Animal, liquid and dirt sacrifices to the gods were more common, made at the Altar of the Condor. [41] By the time Bingham and his team left Machu Picchu, locals had formed coalitions to defend their ownership of Machu Picchu and its cultural remains, while Bingham claimed the artifacts ought to be studied by experts in American institutions. For example, Bingham found unmodified obsidian nodules at the entrance gateway. Instead, the Inca mined stones from the quarry at the site,[62] lined them up and shaped them to fit together perfectly, stabilizing the structures. [43] However, there is evidence that retainers were sacrificed to accompany a deceased noble in the afterlife. Sie liegt auf 2450 Meter Höhe. [45] It is 80 kilometres (50 miles) northwest of Cusco, on the crest of the mountain Machu Picchu, located about 2,430 metres (7,970 feet) above mean sea level, over 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) lower than Cusco, which has an elevation of 3,400 metres (11,200 ft). It was shown that the topsoil was probably moved from the valley floor to the terraces because it was much better than the soil higher up the mountain. Der Zug startet um 9 Uhr, rund zwei Stunden später befinde ich mich am Ziel. During his studies, he carried various artifacts back to Yale. Machu Picchu. Machu Picchu war der perfekte Ort, um weitgehend unabhängig vom Rest des Inka-Reiches leben zu können. Located in the first zone are the primary archaeological treasures: the Intihuatana, the Temple of the Sun and the Room of the Three Windows. Machu Picchu is one of the New Seven Wonders of the World. Ich hatte viel gelesen, in Online-Foren gestöbert und mich mit Menschen ausgetauscht, die bereits Machu Picchu und Peru bereist hatten. Although known locally, it was not known to the Spanish during the colonial period and remained unknown to the outside world until American historian Hiram Bingham brought it to international attention in 1911. [18] Construction appears to date from two great Inca rulers, Pachacutec Inca Yupanqui (1438–1471) and Túpac Inca Yupanqui (1472–1493). The city sits in a saddle between the two mountains Machu Picchu and Huayna Picchu,[30] with a commanding view down two valleys and a nearly impassable mountain at its back. Machu Picchu is a 15th-century Inca citadel, located in the Eastern Cordillera of southern Peru, on a 2,430-metre (7,970 ft) mountain ridge. Entrance was limited to 2,500 visitors per day, and entrance to Huayna Picchu (within the citadel) was further restricted to 400 visitors per day. In the 1970s, Burger and Asaro determined that these obsidian samples were from the Titicaca or Chivay obsidian source, and that the samples from Machu Picchu showed long-distance transport of this obsidian type in pre-Hispanic Peru. It was used for rites or sacrifices. Vorwiegend waren es Mitimaes, Umgesiedelte aus anderen Gebieten. Wir alle haben Machu Picchu schon hunderte mal auf Fotos gesehen und freuen uns selbst vor dieser beeindruckenden Kulisse zu stehen. He then crossed a pass and into the Pampaconas Valley where he found more ruins heavily buried in the jungle undergrowth at Espíritu Pampa, which he named "Trombone Pampa". Wer sich Zeit nimmt in Machu Picchu, entdeckt entlang der Trockensteinmauern noch eine ganze Anzahl weiterer, subtiler Gestaltungsdetails: sanft gerundete Ecken statt scharfer Häuserkanten, eine leichte Neigung der Raumecken zur Mitte hin, und wie ein L geschnittene Quadersteine, die zur Verbindung aufeinanderstoßender Mauern-Ecken dienen. [51], In 2005 and 2009, the University of Arkansas made detailed laser scans of the entire site and of the ruins at the top of the adjacent Huayna Picchu mountain. Die Puerta del Sol war ihr ursprünglicher Zugang. [84] The tougher entrance rules attempted to reduce the effects of tourism. [20]:137[non-primary source needed], At Mandor Pampa, Bingham asked farmer and innkeeper Melchor Arteaga if he knew of any nearby ruins. [58], Architecturally, Inti Mach'ay is the most significant structure at Machu Picchu. Oder waren es auch praktische Erwägungen? Stone stairways set in the walls allowed access to the different levels across the site. [35], Bingham was a lecturer at Yale University, although not a trained archaeologist. Machu Picchu auf Quechua (Machu Pikchu) bedeutet übersetzt alter Gipfel. The western, separated by the square, was for religious and ceremonial purposes. Machu Picchu bedeutet,,alter Gipfel“ oder,,alter Weiser“ und liegt in einer außer- gewöhnlichen Lage zwischen den Gipfeln der Anden/Südamerika. Die meisten der Außengebäude wurden rekonstruiert, um Touristen eine bessere Vorstellung von ihrem ursprünglichen Aussehen zu vermitteln. Because of the vegetation, Bingham was not able to observe the full extent of the site. [88] In November 2010, Yale agreed to return the disputed artifacts. It began earlier in the month and concluded on the December solstice. Yale acknowledged Peru's title to all the objects, but would share rights with Peru in the research collection, part of which would remain at Yale for continuing study. Bingham focused on Machu Picchu because of its fine Inca stonework and well-preserved nature, which had lain undisturbed since the site was abandoned. Spielten religiöse Aspekte eine Rolle? Der Machu Picchu ist eine imposante Ruinenstadt, welche um ca. Die Anlage mit ihren Terrassen und Tempeln liegt auf 2.430 Metern Höhe, oberhalb dem malerischen Urubambatal. Structures at Machu Picchu were built with a technique called &ldquo ashlar.” Stones are cut to fit together without mortar. Er schuf die Grundlagen für die Ausdehnung des mächtigen Inkareiches und führte den Kult um den Sonnengott Inti ein. Machu Picchu lies in the southern hemisphere, 13.164 degrees south of the equator. One prominent artifact was a set of 15th-century, ceremonial Incan knives made from bismuth bronze; they are the earliest known artifact containing this alloy. Ken has estimated that 60 percent of the construction is underground. [34], In 1983, UNESCO designated Machu Picchu a World Heritage site, describing it as "an absolute masterpiece of architecture and a unique testimony to the Inca civilization". Alvarez's 11-year-old son, Pablito, led Bingham along the ridge to the main ruins. Machu Picchu wurde vermutlich vor mehr als 500 Jahren im Auftrag des Inka-Herrschers Pachacutec erbaut. In 1909, returning from the Pan-American Scientific Congress in Santiago, he travelled through Peru and was invited to explore the Inca ruins at Choqquequirau in the Apurímac Valley. These terraces were a work of considerable engineering, built to ensure good drainage and soil fertility while also protecting the mountain itself from erosion and landslides. Wie sagt man so schön: Lieber etwas einmal gesehen haben, als ständig davon zu hören.. Stell sicher, dass du einen guten Guide an deiner Seite hast, der dich auf einer Rundtour durch Machu Picchu … Back in Cusco again, Bingham asked planters about the places mentioned by Calancha, particularly along the Urubamba River. Unsicher ist jedoch, warum die Stadt überhaupt gebaut wurde und zu welchem Zweck, wobei zahlreiche Legenden dies zu erklären versuchen. The Intihuatana stone is one of many ritual stones in South America. Three entrance phases will be implemented, increased from two phases previously, to further help the flow of traffic and reduce degradation of the site due to tourism. Amazingly, no wheels were used to transport heavy rocks for the construction of the city. Machu Picchu liegt 75 Kilometer nordwestlich von Cusco, dem Ausgangspunkt für einen Besuch in der berühmten Inka-Stätte. Wer den beschwerlichen Weg über den Inka-Trail oder den Salkantay-Trail geschafft hat und auf Machu Picchu blickt, kann nicht anders, als überwältigt zu sein. [63] Multiple canals and reserves throughout the city provided water that could be supplied to the terraces for irrigation and to prevent erosion and flooding. Auf 2430 m Höhe zwischen den Gipfeln Machu Picchu und Huayna Picchu (dt. Machu Picchu was temporarily closed,[82] reopening on 1 April 2010. [79], From 1994 to 2019, the Chief of the National Archaeological Park of Machu Picchu was Fernando Astete, a Peruvian anthropologist and archaeologist, who worked for more than thirty years on the preservation, conservation and research of the site. [48], The site is roughly divided into an urban sector and an agricultural sector, and into an upper town and a lower town. It made mortar and similar building methods nearly useless. The Guardhouse is a three-sided building, with one of its long sides opening onto the Terrace of the Ceremonial Rock. Bingham found the name Agustín Lizárraga and the date 1902 written in charcoal on one of the walls. [90] The artifacts are permanently exhibited at the Museo Machu Picchu, La Casa Concha ("The Shell House"), close to Cusco's colonial center. Sophisticated channeling systems provided irrigation for the fields. [36] The next day, 24 July, Arteaga led Bingham and Sergeant Carrasco across the river on a log bridge and up the Machu Picchu site. Bingham was abiding by the 1852 Civil Code of Peru; the code stated that "archaeological finds generally belonged to the discoverer, except when they had been discovered on private land." Manche glaubten, Machu Picchu war eine Art Festung der Inkas. [2][3] It is located in the Machupicchu District within Urubamba Province[4] above the Sacred Valley, which is 80 kilometres (50 mi) northwest of Cuzco. Guinea pigs were also found at the site in special burial caves, suggesting that they were at least used for funerary rituals,[18][page needed] as it was common throughout the Inca Empire to use them for sacrifices and meat. The tradition is upheld by members of the New Age Andean religion.[44]:263. Erst 1948 baute man von Aguas Calientes aus die Carretera Hiram Bingham, eine Serpentinenstraße hinauf nach Machu Picchu. Only later did Bingham learn that Charles Wiener also heard of the ruins at Huayna Picchu and Machu Picchu, but was unable to reach them. [13] In 2007, Machu Picchu was voted one of the New Seven Wonders of the World in a worldwide internet poll. This may not be a coincidence, according to 2019 research: "One simple answer, researchers now suggest, is that that’s where building materials for the site — large amounts of already fractured rock — were readily available." The Inca constellation Qullca, storehouse, can be viewed out the Qullqa Window at sunset during the 15th-century June Solstice, hence the window's name. Es hieß: Hier oben in den Bergen wähnten sie sich sicher vor feindlichen Indianern, die weiter unten im Tal lebten. The Inca Bridge, an Inca grass rope bridge, across the Urubamba River in the Pongo de Mainique, provided a secret entrance for the Inca army. Jahrhundert von den Inkas erbaut worden und nach Wikipedia ist es das einzig verbliebene Beispiel für die Stadtplanung aus der Inka-Zeit. However, the terraces were not perfect, as studies of the land show that there were landslides that happened during the construction of Machu Picchu. Yale instead kept the artifacts until 2012, arguing that Peru lacked the infrastructure and systems to care for them. [91], The opening sequence of the film Aguirre, the Wrath of God (1972) was shot in the Machu Picchu area and on the stone stairway of Huayna Picchu. [15] Thus the name of the site is sometimes interpreted as "old mountain". Es ist das Ziel von fast allen Peru Reisen: Machu Picchu! Erbaut wurde die Stadt einer Theorie zufolge um 1450 auf Befehl des Inka-Herrschers Pachacútec Yupanqui, der von 1438 bis 1471 regierte. Sanctuary Lodge, A Belmond Hotel, Machu Picchu. The Incas built the estate around 1450 but abandoned it a century later at the time of the Spanish conquest. [73], Tourist deaths have been linked to altitude sickness, floods and hiking accidents. Bingham organized another expedition in 1912 to undertake major clearing and excavation. They lacked the chemical markers and osteological markers they would have if they had been living there their whole lives. Dating to the mid-1400s, it's a marvel of mortar-free limestone architecture perched on a high plateau deep in the Amazonian jungle. Machu Picchu and other sites in the area are built over earthquake faults. Machu Picchu vor Pachacuteq erbaut. The site itself may have been intentionally built on fault lines to afford better drainage and a ready supply of fractured stone. These were dedicated to Inti, their sun god and greatest deity. In the 1990s, the government prohibited helicopter landings. [20][non-primary source needed], Armed with this information the expedition went down the Urubamba River. [72] UNESCO is considering putting Machu Picchu on its List of World Heritage in Danger. p. 585, sfn error: no target: CITEREFWrightValencia_ZegarraCrowley2000b (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFLonghena2010 (, sfn error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFBurgerSalazar2004 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFHerzog2002 (, Learn how and when to remove this template message, National University of San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Iperu, tourist information and assistance, List of archaeoastronomical sites by country, "Machu Picchu: Facts & History - Abandonment of Machu Picchu", Nonato Rufino Chuquimamani Valer, Carmen Gladis Alosilla Morales, Victoria Choque Valer: Qullaw Qichwapa Simi Qullqan. Its entrances, walls, steps, and windows are some of the finest masonry in the Incan Empire. Seine drei Hauptstrukturen sind der Intihuatana, der Sonnentempel und der Raum der drei Fenster. [94], Multimedia artist Kimsooja used footage shot near Machu Picchu in the first episode of her film series Thread Routes, shot in 2010. (Batievsky 100)[42] ) Local press perpetuated the accusations, claiming that the excavation harmed the site and deprived local archaeologists of knowledge about their own history. Terraces were layered with stone chips, sand, dirt, and topsoil, to absorb water and prevent it from running down the mountain. Seit 1983 ist Machu Picchu UNESCO-Weltkulturerbe und wurde zudem zu einem der „neuen sieben Weltwunder“ gewählt. Die Stätte zeugt von der beeindruckenden Baukunst der Inka. On this day, noble boys were initiated into manhood by an ear-piercing ritual as they stood inside the cave and watched the sunrise. [41] Rumors arose that the team was stealing artifacts and smuggling them out of Peru through Bolivia. [31], Over the centuries, the surrounding jungle overgrew the site, and few outside the immediate area knew of its existence. Eine auf Deutsch geführte Besichtigung der Ruinen von Machu Picchu gilt als Höhepunkte der Peru Reise. [97][98], 15th-century Inca citadel in the Peruvian Andes and UNESCO World Heritage Site, Inti Mach'ay and the Royal Feast of the Sun, Cultural artifacts: Dispute between Peru and Yale University, escale.minedu.gob.pe – UGEL map of the Urubamba Province (Cusco Region), sfn error: no target: CITEREFWrightValencia_Zegarra (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFWrightValencia_Zegarra2001 (, Gordon, Robert and John Rutledge 1984 Bismuth Bronze from Machu Picchu, Peru. The site may have been discovered and plundered in 1867 by a German businessman, Augusto Berns. [18][page needed], Animals are also suspected to have migrated to Machu Picchu as there were several bones found that were not native to the area. The three-sided style of Inca architecture is known as the wayrona style. Another Inca bridge was built to the west of Machu Picchu, the tree-trunk bridge, at a location where a gap occurs in the cliff that measures 6 metres (20 ft). [78], In 2014 nude tourism was a trend at Machu Picchu and Peru's Ministry of Culture denounced the activity. [38][20]:xxxv[non-primary source needed], Bingham returned to Machu Picchu in 1912 under the sponsorship of Yale University and National Geographic again and with the full support of Peruvian President Leguia. [74][75][76][77] UNESCO received criticism for allowing tourists at the location given high risks of landslides, earthquakes and injury due to decaying structures. Guided by locals, Bingham rediscovered and correctly identified the site of the old Inca capital, Vitcos (then called Rosaspata), and the nearby temple of Chuquipalta. [85], In May 2012, a team of UNESCO conservation experts called upon Peruvian authorities to take "emergency measures" to further stabilize the site's buffer zone and protect it from damage, particularly in the nearby town of Aguas Calientes, which had grown rapidly.[86]. [56] The name of the stone (perhaps coined by Bingham) derives from Quechua language: inti means "sun", and wata-, "to tie, hitch (up)". This suggests that several of the immigrants were from more coastal areas and moved to Machu Picchu where corn was a larger portion of food intake. Ein geologisches X markiert den "Schatz" Machu Picchu - Geologen haben herausgefunden, warum die Inkastadt ausgerechnet an keinem anderen Standort hätte erbaut … Jahrhundert von den Inka erbaut und später verlassen, als spanischen Eroberer näher rückten. Unlike other locations, sacred rocks often defaced by the conquistadors remain untouched at Machu Picchu. Most animal bones found were from llamas and alpacas. Wir erreichen Machu Picchu durch das etwa 500 Meter über der Stadt liegende Sonnentor. It includes storage buildings and simple houses. Approximately 200 buildings are arranged on wide parallel terraces around an east–west central square. Much of the Inca's work on Machu Picchu, though impressive, is inconspicuous. Machu Picchu ist nicht nur die beliebteste Touristenattraktion Perus, sondern ganz Südamerikas. The expedition undertook a four-month clearing of the site with local labour, which was expedited with the support of the Prefect of Cuzco. Machu Picchu features wet humid summers and dry frosty winters, with the majority of the annual rain falling from October through to March.[45]. For this reason, the cave was inaccessible for much of the year. One issue was the seismic activity due to two fault lines. The central buildings use the classical Inca architectural style of polished dry-stone walls of regular shape. Machu Picchu oder Machu Pichu ist die Sehenswürdigkeit auf Ihrer Rundreise in Peru. He took preliminary notes, measurements, and photographs, noting the fine quality of Inca stonework of several principal buildings. [71] A no-fly zone exists above the area. [83], In July 2011, the Dirección Regional de Cultura Cusco (DRC) introduced new entrance rules to the citadel of Machu Picchu. In the late 1990s, the Peruvian government granted concessions to allow the construction of a cable car and a luxury hotel, including a tourist complex with boutiques and restaurants and a bridge to the site. [87] In 2007, Peru and Yale had agreed on a joint traveling exhibition and construction of a new museum and research center in Cusco advised by Yale. Machu Picchu, was in der Quechua-Sprache "Alter Berg" bedeutet, wurde tatsächlich auf der Spitze eines Berges erbaut, und es ist nicht möglich, ihn von unten zu betrachten. Can't-miss spots to dine, drink, and feast. [49], The architecture is adapted to the mountains. Das Stadtkern ist noch nahezu unverändert. Einige behaupten, dass Machu Picchu als großes Mausoleum für den Inka Pachacútec erbaut wurde, während andere den Standpunkt vertreten, dass es ein wichtiges Verwaltungs- und Landwirtschaftszentrum war, dessen Anbaugebiete dazu dienten, seine Bewohner zu ernähren. more, Machu Picchu Tourism: Best of Machu Picchu. In particular, Ramos thought Vitcos was "near a great white rock over a spring of fresh water." Within the temple is a 1.2 m by 2.7 m rock platform, smooth on top except for a small platform on its southwest quadrant. Similar layering protected the large city center from flooding. "Machu Picchu, seen through the eyes of Fernando Astete | Machu Picchu", "Machu Picchu Airlift Rescues 1,400 Tourists", "Machu Picchu to reopen earlier than expected after storms", "Peru's president: Yale agrees to return Incan artifacts", "Yale returns final Machu Picchu artifacts", Excerpted Clip of Machu Picchu from the film, "Artist Spotlight: Kimsooja's Threads of Culture", "Endhiran The Robot : First Indian movie to shoot at Machu Pichu", "Machu Picchu Welcomes Rajnikanth and India", "Completion Report to Instituto Nacional de Cultura on Archaeological Exploration of the Inca Trail on the East Flank of Machu Picchu and on Palynology of Terraces Part 1", "Completion Report to Instituto Nacional de Cultura on Archaeological Exploration of the Inca Trail on the East Flank of Machu Picchu and on Palynology of Terraces Part 2", "Completion Report to Instituto Nacional de Cultura on Archaeological Exploration of the Inca Trail on the East Flank of Machu Picchu and on Palynology of Terraces Part 3", Stories on Machu Picchu by Fernando Astete, former Chief of National Archaeological Park of Machupicchu, Time Photos – Machu Picchu: 100 Years Since Its Rediscovery, Archive of Fernando Astete, former Chief of the National Archaeological Park of Machupicchu, Historical Centre of the City of Arequipa, System of Islands, Islets and Guano Sites, Aledaño Bocatoma del Canal Nuevo Imperial, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Machu_Picchu&oldid=1016715937, 15th-century establishments in the Inca civilization, Buildings and structures completed in the 15th century, 16th-century disestablishments in the Inca civilization, Populated places established in the 1450s, Populated places disestablished in the 16th century, Articles with dead external links from December 2017, Articles with permanently dead external links, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2020, Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from July 2020, Articles needing additional references from July 2018, All articles needing additional references, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2012, Articles with dead external links from August 2017, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 8 April 2021, at 17:58.
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