In some cases, however, dominant firms can frustrate this process by engaging in conduct that undermines competitive market forces, leading to inefficient outcomes. Abuse of a dominant market position is understood to be an anti-competitive business This could be done ex post (in the context of abuse-of-dominance proceedings) or at the point of a merger. Information and communication technologies, Guidance on its enforcement priorities in applying Article 82 of the EC Treaty to, Report by the EAGCP - "An economic approach to Article 82". The examples used within these guidelines are for illustration and do not set a limit on the investigation and enforcement activities of the Commission. rule implies that, for a conduct to be considered as an abuse of dominance, the following requirements must be fulfilled: a)The person or undertaking has to hold a dominant position in a specific market; b)The alleged conduct must represent an abuse of that dominant position; and The Act seeks to prohibit abuse of dominant position and also creates a Competition Commission of India entrusted with the obligation of preventing practices that have an appreciable adverse effect on the competition. TY - JOUR. It includes a summary of key changes, updates based on the Toronto Real Estate Board abuse of dominance case and shifts in the Bureau’s abuse … Abuse of dominance. While this is an improvement on the wording in the draft guidelines, it nonetheless increases uncertainty for businesses with relatively low market shares. The study leaves open exactly how such a provision might be implemented; in principle, however, it would be beneficial to give as much guidance as possible on what is allowed at the point of merger control, as breaking up a merged platform is likely to create higher costs. The Commissioner alleges that VAA abused its dominant market position by excluding potential competitors for the provision of in-flight catering at the Vancouver International Airport. M3 - Article . Revised Abuse of Dominance Guidelines bring welcome and noteworthy guidance on numerous issues General. Part of Antitrust and Competition Law. In that submission, we suggested that the Bureau should elaborate on the circumstances in which a firm may be considered to have a “plausible competitive interest in a market” where it is not a competitor in the market or a trade association of competitors in the market, as was the situation in TREB. To be in a dominant position is not in itself illegal. Receive updates by email. See also Canada (Commissioner of Competition) v. Canada Pipe Co., 2006 FCA 233 at paras. Similar or parallel conduct by firms is insufficient, on its own, for the Bureau to consider those firms to hold a jointly dominant position. Recall that for the Competition Tribunal (Tribunal) to find an abuse of a dominant position pursuant to section 79 of the Act, the Commissioner must establish that: Where the Tribunal finds that the elements of section 79 have been established, it may issue a prohibition or prescriptive order to restore competition in the market. It accounts the characteristics of the platform economy and basic principles of regulator's supervision, and gives specified guidance including but not limited to monopoly agreement, abuse of dominance, and concentration of undertakings in the context of platform economy. Likewise, the Guidelines on Abuse of Dominance deals with the application of Article 18 of the Regulations and it was prepared with the aim to provide clarity, predictability and transparency as regards the general analytical framework employed by the Commission in determining cases of abuse of dominance. Abuse of Dominance. Such The abuse of dominance prohibitions are set out in section 8 of the Act. The broad lines of that reflection were set out by the then Competition Commissioner Neelie Kroes. increased in response to any abuse of a dominant position. The Abuse of Dominance Enforcement Guidelines do not replace the advice of legal counsel and are not intended to restate the law or to constitute a binding statement of how the Commissioner will proceed in specific matters. Similarly, as there is no efficiencies defence to section 79, the Guidelines confirm that the Bureau is not required to quantify any efficiencies resulting from an anti-competitive practice, “but will consider any such efficiencies within the purpose-focussed assessment of paragraph 79(1)(b).”[14]. While demonstrating plausible competitive interest may be straightforward in the case of a trade association in light of TREB, it is unclear how this principle would be applied in other circumstances. Outline • Day 1 - Tuesday 4 September Article 102 TFEU • Introduction • Undertaking • Dominance and the relevant market • Effect on trade between Member States • Day 2 - Friday 14 September Article 102 TFEU • The general notion of abuse • Forms of abusive conduct • Objective justification . Recent abuse of dominance probes have focused on the pharmaceutical sector, where the CMA has open investigations into issues such as excessive pricing and allegedly unlawful rebates. The general concept of abuse 2. Author(s): However, the undertaking concerned has a special responsibility not to allow its conduct to impair genuine These Guidelines clearly explain the Commission’s approach in dealing with abuse of dominance in the markets. Situations involving abuse of dominance applied it is necessary to define … These Guidelines for Addressing Abuse of Dominance in the Telecommunications Sector (the “Guidelines”) are issued “for the purpose of providing practical guidance … to interested persons”3 and are intended to explain the general approach of the CITC to ex post analysis related to abuse of a dominant position under the Act and Bylaw.4 The Bureau will examine the credibility of any efficiency or pro-competitive claims, the link to the alleged anti-competitive act, and the likelihood of these benefits being achieved. Accordingly, we may soon have additional Tribunal guidance to consider on these topics and possibly a further a revision to the Guidelines. The Act prohibits the abuse of a dominant position by firms in a market, but does not prohibit firms from holding a dominant position. More information on these changes. On January 17, 2009, the Competition Bureau released its Draft Updated Enforcement Guidelines for the Abuse of Dominance Provisions for public comment. 15. abuse of dominance/monopolisation cases. Outline • Day 1 - Tuesday 4 September Article 102 TFEU • Introduction • Undertaking • Dominance and the relevant market • Effect on trade between Member States • Day 2 - Friday 14 September Article 102 TFEU • The general notion of abuse • Forms of abusive conduct • Objective justification . These guidelines supersede the Bureau’s previous guidelines (2012 Guidelines) on sections 78 and 79 of the Competition Act (Act) and set out the Bureau’s approach to these sections of the Act. Article 102 TFEU governs the conduct of undertakings already occupying a dominant position but does not prohibit dominance as such. The 2012 Abuse of Dominance Guidelines: An Economic Review Michael D. Noel, Ph.D.1 Texas Tech University I. / Noel, Michael. The regulation of abuse of dominance is enshrined under section 4 of the Act. In accordance with the case-law, it is not in itself illegal for an undertaking to be in a dominant position and such a dominant undertaking is entitled to compete on the merits. On August 29, 2019, the Japan Fair Trade Commission ("JFTC") published a draft of new "Guidelines Concerning Abuse of a Superior Bargaining Position in Transactions between Digital Platform Operators and Consumers that Provide Personal Information, etc." We, as well as other stakeholders, strongly urged the Bureau to reconsider the removal of the 35% market share safe harbour threshold, below which a market participant would not generally be considered to possess market power. Abuse of Dominance Enforcement Guidelines (Guidelines) issued for consultation by the Competition Bureau on March 14, 2018. GL/Competition/ADP/2018 Guidelines on Abuse of Dominant Position Page 7 (b) Sales volume (in number of units) For airlines, this would refer to the number of passengers or the volume of cargo carried. On August 29, 2019, the Japan Fair Trade Commission ("JFTC") published a draft of new "Guidelines Concerning Abuse of a Superior Bargaining Position in Transactions between Digital Platform Operators and Consumers that Provide Personal Information, etc." [1] The Commissioner of Competition v. Vancouver Airport Authority, CT-2016-015. EP - 77. In the Bureau’s view, the absence of vigorous competition (through, for example, price competition, instability of market shares over time, attempts to solicit each other’s customers, or innovation competition) could be indicative of joint dominance. T1 - Abuse of Dominance Guidelines: An Economic Review. The decisions of the Commissioner and the ultimate resolution of issues will depend on the particular circumstances of the matter in question. SP - 59. The Guidelines state that in some cases a person is dominant in a market different from the market where anti-competitive effects are alleged to arise. Abuse of Dominance (Article 102 TFEU) Eirik Østerud eiros@bahr.no . This dissertation focuses on section 8(b) which prohibits a dominant firm from refusing to give access to an essential facility that belongs to the dominant firm or to which the dominant firm has access, in circumstances where it is economically feasible for the dominant firm to provide such access. This, however, does not … On January 16, 2009, Canada's Competition Bureau (the Bureau) released draft revised Abuse of Dominance Guidelines 1 (the Updated Guidelines), which are intended eventually to replace the original guidelines released in 2001. Although they … The substantive test and benchmark for analysis under the Act is to prohibit practices that have an appreciable adverse effect on competition in India. On March 7, 2019, the Competition Bureau (Bureau) released updated, The Guidelines provide a detailed outline of the Bureau’s approach to the abuse of dominance provisions in section 79 of the. These Guidelines may be revised should the need arises. The Competition Act and the MyCC Dominance Guidelines do not address this specific form of abuse (see question 6). 2 ibid. 1.4 The scope and application of Article 82 and the Chapter II prohibition are explained in Part 2 of this guideline. Abuse of Dominance Enforcement Guidelines. Further, the RTP Guidelines categorise abuse of dominance into two categories: exploitative and exclusionary abuses. The Prohibition under Section 53 of the Act 2.1 Section 53 of the Act prohibits an enterprise from engaging in any conduct which amounts to an abuse of dominant position in any aviation service market. The aim of these Guidelines is to provide clarity, predictability and transparency as regards the general analytical framework of the Commission in determining cases of abuse of dominance and to help undertakings better assess whether their behavior is likely to constitute an infringement of Article 18(1) of the Regulations. However, there are certain portions of the Guidelines that take positions which are not clearly reflected in the jurisprudence and therefore push the boundaries of the law by a considerable extent. Abuse of dominance is unilateral conduct using dominant market power (or a dominant position) to damage market competition and ultimately welfare. contrasting the current policies of enforcement agencies based on their experience, guidelines and governing statutes, and by taking into account the scholarly literature that exists on the subject. These provisions of the Act have not been subject to judicial interpretation, and the CAK has not published its decisions in sufficient detail to create a body of case law that would give market participants significant guidance on the interpretation of the relevant … Further, evidence of coordinated behavior by firms in the allegedly jointly dominant group may be probative insofar as it may explain why members of the allegedly dominant group are not vigorously competing. On March 7, 2019, the Competition Bureau (Bureau) published new Abuse of Dominance Enforcement Guidelines (2019 Guidelines). Abuse of Dominance (Article 102 TFEU) Eirik Østerud eiros@bahr.no . Abuse of Dominance Guidelines: An Economic Review. Section 1 of Act No. The Guidelines were issued nearly one year after the prior draft was released for public consultation in March 2018, and replace the previous guidance issued in 2012. What is abuse of dominance or monopolisation? While we are appreciative of the Bureau providing more detailed guidance on business justifications and mitigating concerns about a potential increase in mandated access remedies in the context of alleged refusals to supply, we continue to believe that the Bureau has taken positions in certain areas which are not supported by the jurisprudence and create unnecessary uncertainty for businesses. The practice has had, is having or is likely to have the effect of preventing or lessening competition substantially in a market. When these constraints are weak, a firm is said to have market power and if the market power is great enough, to be in a position of dominance or monopoly (the precise terminology differs according to the … These Guidelines are not a substitute for the Act or any Regulations that are made pursuant to the Act. 27,442 establishes that the practices that are seen as an abuse of dominance in a specific market are forbidden and will be penalized, as long as they may harm the general economic interest. EP - 77. This file may not be suitable for users of assistive technology. Author: Liza Lovdahl Gormsen, King's College London; Date Published: April 2010; availability: This ISBN is for an eBook version which is distributed on our behalf by a third party. Article 82 (previously Article 86) includes that any abuse either by one or more firms that are in a position of dominance in the common market or in a substantial part of it, is strictly prohibited if it has negative repercussions on trade between Member States. An independently reviewed evaluation of the Office of Fair Trading’s (OFT) 2011 decision on Reckitt Benckiser’s abuse of dominance in the market. Most jurisdictions address the issue by prohibiting use of dominance or substantial market power, taking different approaches to terminology and the relevant threshold of market power. JO - Canadian Competition Law Review. Competition Bureau Issues Expanded Abuse of Dominance Enforcement Guidelinesby Practical Law Canada CompetitionRelated ContentThis Legal Update discusses the Competition Bureau’s recently released updated Abuse of Dominance Enforcement Guidelines. I. Nor does it regulate the way in which dominance is, in the first instance, achieved (the latter being dealt with under the EU and Member State merger control provisions). In: Canadian Competition Law Review, 2013, p. 59-77. Moreover, co-ordination between allegedly jointly dominant market participants need not be demonstrated in order to support a finding of joint dominance. That is to say, while a business is not obligated to supply any other business, the Bureau may conclude that a refusal to supply is anti-competitive if “the product or service being denied is both competitively significant and cannot otherwise be feasibly obtained (for example, from other suppliers or through self-supply).”[4]. Unfortunately, the Guidelines do not materially expand upon the application of TREB outside of the trade association context (or specifically how the Bureau might demonstrate a firm’s “plausible competitive interest” in a market in which it does not compete). Other Competitive Factors That Would Be Considered by the MyCC: 2.18. For ground handling enterprises, the unit applicable would depend on the type of ground handling services provided. We have built our reputation on our commitment to our clients' success and the experience, expertise and collaborative approach for which we are recognized. In the absence of vigorous competition the Bureau may conclude that the lack of mutual competitive constraints permits them to exercise a substantial degree of market power. Beside these instructions can be added and decisions of the Court of Justice of the European Union and the Court of First Instance. A firm’s ability to raise its prices is usually constrained by competitors and the possibility that its customers can switch to alternative sources of supply. The Guidelines helpfully acknowledge that ordinary course refusals to supply would only engage section 79 in exceptional circumstances. Request an accessible format. ("New Guidelines") to seek comments from the public. Osler acted as external counsel to a witness for the Commissioner in this matter. With these guidelines, the Commission aims to increase the predictability of its actions. Abuse of position may result in: 7 GUIDELINES ON CHAPTER 2 PROHIBITION. 1 Refer to Competition Authority ( otswana), “Monopolisation and Abuse of Dominance Guidelines” (2013). In addition, the Tribunal may issue an administrative monetary penalty of up to $10 million (and up to $15 million for subsequent orders). Such clarity may be forthcoming from the Competition Tribunal’s decision on the Commissioner’s application for an order under section 79 against the Vancouver Airport Authority (VAA),which is expected this year.[1]. We appreciate the Bureau’s continued efforts to provide greater clarity on its approach to complex and developing areas of competition law and policy in Canada. M3 - Article . Note to the reader: All references to Art 82 EC should be understood as references to the current article 102 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (as renamed by the Treaty of Lisbon, which entered into force on 1 December 2009). Such claims must be thoroughly tested and the regulatory and contractual regimes pursuant to which such information is collected and may be used must be carefully considered before resorting to a data supply remedy. AU - Noel, Michael. / Noel, Michael. DOMINANCE AND ABUSE IN SEPARATE MARKETS 19 CAN CONDUCT THAT WOULD OTHERWISE BE AN ABUSE 20 BE JUSTIFIED? Osler’s public consultation submission to the Bureau is available here [PDF]. [emphasis added], By way of background, Canadian jurisprudence has established, and the Guidelines confirm, that when determining whether an act is anti-competitive, the “purpose of an act may be established directly by evidence of subjective intent, inferred from the reasonably foreseeable consequences of the conduct, or both.”[6] As set out in the Guidelines, a business justification is not a defence to an allegation that a firm has engaged in anti-competitive conduct, but rather provides an “alternative explanation for the overriding purpose of that conduct.”[7] The Guidelines do make clear that in certain circumstances, “a legitimate business justification can outweigh evidence of anti-competitive purpose when the two are balanced against each other.”[8] Possible legitimate business justifications include reducing operational or production costs, improving technology or processes which enhance product or service offerings, and complying with statutory or regulatory requirements.[9].
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